Friday, January 31, 2020
Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Strategic management - Essay Example A major makeover happened for the company in 1990 when it joined hands with BMW of Germany for manufacturing of aero engines. â€Å"Today it is the world's second largest civil aero engine company, the world's second largest defence aero engine company, a global leader in marine propulsion and a leading supplier of energy solutions. All of these businesses have gas turbine technology at their heart.†(Rolls Royce, 2011) Aero engine manufacturing is one of the largest engineering industrial sectors in the world. Some of the leading aero engine manufacturers in the world are Rolls-Royce Engines, BMW, Bristol Engine Company, CFM International, Pratt & Whitney, Daimler Benz, GE Aviation, Hispano-Suiza, Napier and Son, Volvo Aero, etc. Among these, Rolls Royce is one of the leading market players. Rolls-Royce Engines holds nearly one third of the business aircraft engine market. Some of the main customers of Rolls-Royce include Airbus, Bombardier, Embraer and Raytheon. Quality, Rel iability and Tradition has been the main driving force behind the success of Rolls Royce Aero Engines. The key success factors of aero engine manufacturing industry are very critical. ... Research and Development is the next success factor. R&D is the factor that drives every other success factors. Better technology is developed only through innovation. Technological innovation is possible only through better investment of time and resources into R & D. Innovative product offerings are the next success factor of the industry. Merely supplying engines is not the game plan currently. Some of the innovative plans of the industry are Corporate Care, power-by-the-hour, pay-as-you-fly program, etc. (George, 2011) Similarly, better after sales service and customer relationship management are another key success factors. The aviation industry segment can be classified mainly into two categories that are wide body engine market and narrow body engine market. As of now Rolls-Royce has considerable market share in the wide body engine market with the second position in the segment. But Rolls-Royce still needs to develop its presence in the narrow body market. Currently, Rolls-Ro yce participates in the narrow body segment in a joint venture with Pratt & Whitney and others. â€Å"Rolls-Royce is well positioned in the wide body market, but about to lose 25% of the narrow body market in which it has a 40% joint venture share by 2015.†(GLG Expert Contributor, 2010) Analysis of External Factors Like any other industry, external factors have great influence on the prospects of aero engine manufacturing industry. Some of the key external factors influencing the aero engine manufacturing industry are as follows. 1. Raw material cost 2. Competition 3. Bargaining power of customers 4. Environmental impact 5. Regulatory Pressures 6. Currency risk 7. Other external events Raw material
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Transcendentalism and Transcendental Meditation :: essays research papers fc
Transcendentalism and Transcendental Meditation      â€Å"The Transcendentalist adopts the whole connection of spiritual doctrine. He believes in miracle, in the perpetual openness of the human mind to new influx of light and power; he believes in inspiration, and in ecstasy.†(Emerson 196). These two lines written by Ralph Waldo Emerson exemplify the whole movement of transcendentalist writers and what they believed in. Though to the writers, transcendentalism was a fight for a belief, unknown to them they could have been fighting for the betterment of human health. The transcendentalist writings of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson have directly affected the health of modern society through the idea of transcendental meditation. Through modern science, scientists have linked increases in health among individuals through the use of transcendental meditation.      â€Å"The term transcendental came from the German Romantic philosopher Immanuel Kant. The term refers to the idea that matters of ultimate reality, God, the cosmos, the self transcend, or go beyond, human experience.†(www.geocities.com). Transcendental later developed into Transcendentalism, which is The transcending, or going beyond, empiricism, and ascertaining the fundamental principles of human knowledge. Kant (1724-1804) was born and educated in East Prussia. He founded critical philosophy and Transcendental Logic. â€Å"Kant made significant revisions to just about every branch of philosophy.†(www.philosophy.ucdavis.edu). In the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) Kant showed the great problems of metaphysics: the existence of God, freedom, and immortality and how they are insoluble by scientific thought. Kant’s writings had a major influence on Emerson and Thoreau during the time of Transcendentalism and â€Å"still have an influence on modern philosophy to the present day.†(www.ilt.columbia.edu).      Emerson gives notice to Immanuel Kant in his lecture The Transcendentalist by stating â€Å"It is well known to most of my audience, that the Idealism of the present day acquired the name of Transcendental, from the use of that term by Immanuel Kant, of Konigs berg.†(Emerson 199). Most transcendentalist were idealist that believed in the perfectibility of man, and they were often engaged in projects intended to make this ideal a reality. On of which was a self-governing, experimental community that met in Emerson’s house. This community mainly believed in a monistic universe, or one in which God is immanent in nature, which means that God is permanently and directly present in all things. One of the members of the community and a close friend of Emerson was Henry Thoreau.      On July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau was born.
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Fredrick Jackson Turner Essay
Fredrick Jackson Turner was an American Historian who examined the unique characteristics that defined American Culture. Turner was a well educated man receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1884 and his Masters Degree in 1888. He continued his education at John Hopkins University and received a PhD in history. He taught most of his professional life at the University of Wisconsin and then Harvard in 1910. Rise of the West, and Significance of Sections in American History for which he received the Pulitzer Prize have become standards in the study of American History.  He is most well known for his â€Å"Frontier Thesis†which he developed in 1893. Shortly, after the United States Census Bureau in 1890 declared the American Frontier officially closed, Jackson’s interest was peaked and he set out to study and analyze America’s relationship with it’s own frontier. In 1893 he publicly spoke about this thesis in Chicago at the World’s Columbian Exposition. He stated â€Å"Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West.† In 1921, Fredrick Jackson Turner published a full length text titled The Frontier in American History. In it he explores his thesis which stated â€Å"The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development†(Turner 1)            Turner’s fascination with the frontier and probably his inspiration for studying and understanding the importance of the American Frontier in American History stems back to his childhood. He grew up in in Portage, Wisconsin. His backyard bumped right against the meeting of two bodies of water – Fox River and Wisconsin River. The small town had many characteristics that would have been found in frontier town. When he describes his childhood he tells of the Native American teepees where he fished as a boy. Native Americans were often in town to sell various pieces of craft and jewelry to the local stores.            To understand America and its culture it was extremely important to understand the frontier and America’s connection to it. Turner believed that the frontier â€Å"Americanized Americansâ€Å". This Americanization lasted close to 300 years, starting at the colonization of the New England coast and continuing until the west was completely settled. The free land offered in the west, the frontier, was a safety net which offered property ownership opportunities to people who traditionally could no afford to own anything. In the text of The Frontier of American History, he comments â€Å"†So long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power†(Turner 32). Discontent and poverty revolts were almost unheard in those 300 years. He argues that the frontier produces and shapes a particular type of man who is full â€Å"of coarseness and strength†¦acuteness and inquisitiveness, (of) that practical and inventive turn of mind†¦(full of) restless and nervous energy†¦ that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Turner 37). Turner’s believed that the western movement was the main factor contributing to the basis of American’s institutions and culture. Conditions of living and conquering the wilderness permanently altered the European settlers of the New England coastline to a new national breed.            Turner goes on to compare the American Frontier to Europe. In explaining their similarities, he states†What the Mediterranean Sea was to the Greeks, breaking the bonds of custom, offering new experiences, calling out new institutions and activities, the   ever-retreating frontier has been to the United States directlyâ€Å" (Turner 38). Turner continues to explain that to the while Europe had it’s own frontiers, it effected them â€Å"more remotelyâ€Å". Turner believed that the frontier shaped the American character and the closing of the Western Frontier signified the United States graduating from it’s initial development into something much more mature. Turner summaries by commenting â€Å" four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of   American history†(Turner 38). In The Frontier of American History, while he writes about America as an example he gives a detailed general explanation that he believes could be used in understanding other nation’s cultural growth patterns. Fredrick Turner believes that the growth and settlement is the first period of progress in any nation’s development. This expansion is followed by followed by periods of social and economic development. Each of which is frontier all it’s own. Turner explains with an example: Stand at Cumberland Gap and watch the procession of civilization, marching single file–the buffalo following the trail to the salt springs, the Indian, the fur-trader and hunter, the cattle-raiser, the pioneer farmer–and the frontier has passed by. Stand at South Pass in the Rockies a century later and see the same procession with wider intervals between (Turner 12)                He believed that the American West created the first truly free man. The European Frontier was nothing more than people recreating Old World values and deferring to authority. The frontier in America had no law, no authority, and men lived by their wits. America thinks of it’s frontier as being within the country not at the edge. There is no line which separates the frontier from settled land. America’s frontier is transient and terrestrial.  However, the European frontier is fixed, and completely permanent.            Turner’s research and thesis contrasted strikingly with his historic contemporaries who believed that America was based on Europe. And it was the European historical legacy brought over with the colonists that gave America it’s uniqueness. Fredrick Turner believed that the American Frontier and the surrounding experiences should be respected and spoke about of with dignity.            Of course there are several flaws in his thesis. He failed to speak about the effect of the American Frontier on women and minorities. Turner’s theory was deemed ethnocentric and nationalistic. His premise also showed a large separation between rural American and the future urban or city culture.  Another problem with his safety net proposal is that it is not true for anything after the Civil War. In the slavery ridden South many blacks sought refuge in the frontier before the Civil War. However, after the Civl War, the poverty stricken south it was impossible for people to have enough money for transportation, and setting up homesteads in the West. It is important to note that Turner’s Frontier Thesis goes head to head with the theory that slavery was the defining factor in American history. The government actually gave away more free land after the official closing of the American Frontier than in all the years preceding 1890. Turner’s thesis and research were not, at the time of it’s original, publication embraced.  Much of that coldness he received from his peers was due to his blunt, forceful nature and writing style. When he spoke about his â€Å"Frontier Thesis†, he commanded his fellow historians to turn their mindset from European history to the American West. He comments often that American Historians ‘had it all wrong’ and he was right. His aggressive preaching may have turned other researchers off to even considering his thesis.            Fredrick Jackson Turner does a good job of fleshing out his thesis. I do agree that the American Frontier had a huge effect on defining what America is and who Americans are. I do think that Turner’s â€Å"Frontier Thesis†has it’s problems which I stated above. I think it is important to point out that understanding the birth of truly American Ideals you must look at several different theories developed by various Historians. I agree with the points that Fredrick Turner makes. Especially concerning how settlers of the frontier needed to be self sufficient and self governing.            Regardless, if historians agree with Turner or agree to disagree the impact of his â€Å"Frontier Thesis, is indisputable. He introduced the idea that daily events of regular people make up history – that is it is true history. He nurtured and detailed his belief that the physical land can be a major factor in defining and shaping a culture, particularly the American Culture. Fredrick Jackson Turner breathed life into the American Western landscape, letting the Frontier transform from a mere setting to a powerful tool in chiseling the America’s historical and cultural legacy.  Bibliography Hutton, T.R.C. â€Å"Beating a Dead Horse?: The Continuing Presence of Frederick Jackson Turner in Environmental and Western History.†International Social Science Review (2002): 47+. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 . Ritchie, Robert C., and Paul Andrew Hutton, eds. Frontier and Region: Essays in Honor of Martin Ridge. 1st ed. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library Press, 1997. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 . Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1921. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 . White, Richard, and Richard White. â€Å"Chapter Ten When Frederick Jackson TurnerAnd Buffalo Bill Cody BothPlayed Chicago in 1893.† Frontier and Region: Essays in Honor of Martin Ridge. Ed. Robert C. Ritchie and Paul Andrew Hutton. 1st ed. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library Press, 1997. 201-211. Questia. 10 Dec. 2005 .
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
The Declaration Of The United States Essay - 1113 Words
The Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Thomas Jefferson drafted the declaration, with a preamble by John Adams and editing by Benjamin Franklin and other members of Congress, it outlines the offenses of King George III to justify the vote for independence that had taken place two days earlier. The Declaration closed the door on reconciliation with Great Britain, with the colonies already one year into war. The declaration paved the way for the creation of the United States of America, and continues to serve as an inspiration throughout the world. Thomas Jefferson had strong views on independence. As a farmer in the ‘wilderness’ of Virginia, he knew that people could govern themselves. Jefferson wrote opinions on the colonists’ struggles against Great Britain. Jefferson said that the colonists were a free people claiming their rights. People outside of Virginia read his opinions. Many agreed with Jefferson. They also recognized his skills as a writer and thinker. Before the Revolutionary War, the colonies had no central government that met in America. State governments were just being set up. But the state governments reacted to Great Britain’s harsh taxes and rules. They sent delegates to Philadelphia to meet and discuss the problems. The delegates called themselves the First Continental Congress. The delegates wanted the British Government to end its harsh taxes and rules. They urged colonists to stop buyingShow MoreRelatedDeclaration Of The United States1530 Words  | 7 PagesDeclaration of War It is very well known within the American public that Congress is the only one who has the power to declare war. Interestingly enough, ever since World War II congress has yet to formally declare war on anyone. For this reason, it is fair to say that the power to declare war has shifted away from congress and towards the President as congress merely agrees to seek resolutions involving military efforts but, again, without actually formally declaring war (Official DeclarationsRead MoreThe Declaration Of The United States1150 Words  | 5 Pages 1852 the South Carolina State, justified its intentions to secede from the United States due to the increased violations of the Constitution by the Federal Government as well as its limitation on the reservation rights within the States. In 1860 after Abraham Lincoln election the South thought that the government was becoming too powerful, which led South Carolina to secede as the first state from the United States Union. However, remaining as part of the United States would be the best resolutionRead MoreThe Declaration Of The United States Essay1831 Words  | 8 PagesToday, it is safe to say that many of United Sates citizens are unsure about the future of our country. In Our Declaration, Danielle Allen claims that the future of our country is secured by citizens who play their part in the system. She writes, â€Å"Politics is an activity where people, thanks to their wakefulness, can organize themselves and set up institutions so that they can all collectively protect themselves without having to fight with each other†(Allen 176). She has confidence that citizensRead MoreThe Declaration Of The United States1346 Words  | 6 Pageseventually resulted in a Revolutionary War between England and the Colonies; The Thirteen Colonies won the war. It was the Treaty of Paris (1783) that finally ended all ties with Britain; America would claim its identity as its own. The Declaration of Independence (1776), written by only educated white men – Thomas Jefferson (Southern Colony), Benjamin Franklin (Middle Colony), and John Adams (Northern Colony) - established the basic rights that citizens were entitled to in a free countryRead MoreThe Declaration Of The United States990 Words  | 4 PagesForeign Affairs Committee, it addressed issues pertaining the relationship between Britain and the United States9. In the report, the Committee states that, â€Å"We are disappointed that the US Administration fails to give priority to the principle of self-determination in its position on sovereignty of the Falkland Islands. This is particularly so given the way in which the United Kingdom allows the United States to use two other UK Overseas Territories: Ascension Island and Diego Garcia, for military basingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States895 Words  | 4 Pageswere originally drafted. The U.S. Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and Thomas Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury Baptist Church are three documents that are still hold relevance in today’s societal discussions. These three documents hold truths, principals and ideologies that were and are crucial to the continuation and the development of the United States. The very ideas and tribulations that led to the development of the United States are expressed loudly in these three documents. WhileRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By The United States1106 Words  | 5 PagesThe setting of the Declaration of Independence was the United States. It was declared on July 4, 1776. After the Boston tea party rebellion the United states wanted their independence. One will describe why the declaration of independence was written. What lead to the cause for writing such a document. The leaders who wrote the declaration. And what the colony was going through for it to lead to the circumstances. One will look at h ow England was treating the colonies that made them want to be theirRead MoreThe United States Of The Declaration Of Independance1483 Words  | 6 Pages Calvin Coolidge spoke on July 5th 1926 in Philadelphia to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the signing of our Declaration of Independance. Coolidge’s assertion was that over the 150 years we had remained true to the ideals in the Declaration. The basis of the document being all men were equal with unalienable rights is the backbone for our country and we had maintained it as our backbone. It may have been a bit of a rough road on the way but it had been done. He not only claimed we had remainedRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States897 Words  | 4 Pages The Declaration of Independence stated the United States should be established as a country, free from British control, the U.S. Constitution is a set of rules for that nation to follow, and Mark Twain’s As Regards Patriotism examin es how these two documents affect the mindset of this country. Groupthink, not a word use in 1900, when Twain penned his essay, but it is a good analogy of what he was discussing. Psychology Today says, â€Å"Groupthink occurs when a group values harmony and coherenceRead MoreThe United States Of The Declaration Of Independence1404 Words  | 6 PagesOn July 4th, 1776 the American Colonists ratified The Declaration of Independence. This Declaration severed their final ties to England and idealized the formation of an equal society, independent of a corrupted centralized government like that of Britain. In order to accomplish this perfect nation, the Americans followed the Declaration with the creation of The Articles of Confederation. The Confederation s purpose was to guide the young republic to a decentralized government that upheld the
Monday, December 30, 2019
Down Syndrome A Congenital Chromosomal Disorder
Down syndrome is a congenital chromosomal disorder during maternal meiosis. This is one of the most common chromosomal disease that has been confirmed (Epstein, 2013). Down syndrome causes some symptoms in children’s physical and mental aspects, which have significant differences with other people. It may cause the life of the child is abnormal and cannot live independently in the future. With the increased population of children with Down syndrome in Australia, it becomes prominent that they strongly impact on their family and society in both positive and negative ways. This article will introduce some basic information about Down syndrome, discuss its early intervention and ethical issues of having a baby with Down syndrome, and result in coming up with views in regards to terminating or continuing with the pregnancy of a foetus diagnosed with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is also called 21 trisomy, which is obviously pointed out the disorder occurs at the chromosome 21. Genetically, it has been found that there are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, where X and Y are sex chromosomes representing female and male respectively. These two kinds of chromosome pairs are normally made up 46 chromosomes in total while children with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes, meaning they have one extra chromosome on the chromosome 21. This chromosomal disorder happens occasionally and randomly. One cannot put blame or fault on the individual or parent when the gene isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cystic Fibrosis1025 Words  | 5 Pages Cystic Fibrosis is a disorder where the exocrine glands secrete abnormally thick mucus, leading to obstruction of the pancreas and chronic infections of the lungs, which usually cause death in childhood or early adulthood. Some mildly affected patients may survive longer. Doctors can diagnose the disease by testing the patients perspiration because people with Cystic Fibrosis have high amounts of salt in their perspiration. Those with respiratory infections are treated with antibioticsRead More Down Syndrome Essay603 Words  | 3 Pagesresulting in the birth of a child with a genetic or congenital defect or disease. One of the most common of these genetic disorders is Down syndrome. This disorder takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down, who was the first to describe it formally, in 1866. Down syndrome is a condition marked by abnormal physical and mental development that is caused by a genetic defect. This genetic defect is caused by an extra chromosome. People born with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal amountRead MoreCongenital Condition Of Congenital Heart Defects1188 Words  | 5 PagesINTRODUCTION Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) include all structural anomalies of the heart and the intrathoracic great vessels resulting from the errors in morphogenesis, during development. The incidence of CHDs among live births is estimated to be 3.7 to 7.7 per 1000 (Ferencz et al. 1985). CHDs are etiologically heterogenous and it could be due to genetic (single gene defects, chromosomal abnormality) and or environmental (multifactorial, teratogens) or unknown factors (Michels and RicardiRead MoreDown Syndrome As A Cognitive Disorder Essay1315 Words  | 6 Pages Down syndrome as a cognitive disorder Down syndrome (DS) is relatively well known as a genetic disorder to the general public and children with this syndrome form one of the most readily identifiable groups of children with moderate to severe learning difficulties. It has been over 130 years since Langdon Down first described DS and 30 years since the presence of the defining extra copy of chromosome 21 was identified by Lejeune andRead MoreThe Disorder Of Down Syndrome1431 Words  | 6 Pagesever wonder or questioned the disorder of down syndrome? According to many National Down Syndrome Society within the United States, Down syndrome has occurred one out of eight hundred births. It is the most frequent form of mental retardation and characterized by well-defined events and distinctive features. It’s a lifelong disorder caused by a genetic defeat that’s none curable. It takes people with patients and kind hearts to care for people with Down syndrome disorder. History In the late nineteenthRead MoreDown Syndrome Essay1515 Words  | 7 PagesDown Syndrome Downs Syndrome, it is one of the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormalities found in humans effecting people of all ages, races and economic levels. It is a chromosomal anomaly in cell development that results in a person being born with forty-seven chromosomes instead of the normal forty-six chromosomes. People with Down syndrome may have mild to severe learning disabilities and physical symptoms, which include a small skull, extra folds of skin under the eyes, andRead MoreThe Discovery Of Down Syndrome874 Words  | 4 PagesDown syndrome is a common disorder where the child gets an extra copy of the 21st chromosome. It happens in every 691 babies born in the United States. This adds up to about 6,000 babies born with the disorder a year. The major points in this paper are: when the disorder was discovered, the symptoms, the lifespan, the medical treatments, if it is a dominant trait, what chromosome is affected, and how it is passed down to offspring. The discovery of Down syndrome was by an English physician namedRead MoreGenetic Disorders : A Genetic Disorder954 Words  | 4 Pages A genetic disorder is an illness that is caused by one or multiple abnormalities in the genome. Genetic disorders are not unusual, however when a genetic disorder occurs it usually happens in one and every thousand or million persons. Sometimes genetic disorders can or cannot be heritable, meaning passed down from the parents to their offspring. Often times the parents are unaware that they can carry over a genetic disorder to their offspring. When genetic disorders that does not occur from theRead MoreHistory of the Patau Syndrome1850 Words  | 7 PagesPatau Syndrome, otherwise known as T13 is a very rare and lethal genetic disorder in which a person has three copies of chromosome 13 instead of two. T13 is characterized by the presence of an assortment of heart and brain malformation in newborns. Children with the disease are often born with multiple birth defects that are normally associated with T13 but not limited to it, including small eyes, undescended testicles, cleft lip/palate, and they consistently exhibit signs of mental deficiency and/orRead MoreCongenital Diseases : Congenital Disease1210 Words  | 5 PagesCongenital disease Congenital disease (birth defect) are defects of any kind that are present at birth. However, not all are caused by a mutation in the DNA. Another way to say congenital disorder are birth defects. Congenital disease is where it â€Å"occurs at birth or even before birth†¦the incidence is 2~5% in newborn and the percentage of congenital disease related to genetic or chromosome defects was 60~70%.; the other 30% of etiology was unknown†¦ congenital disease can be categorized into chromosome
Sunday, December 22, 2019
Relationship between Poor Fetal Growth and the Subsequent...
Epidemiological and animal studies have shown a relationship between poor fetal growth with the subsequent development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (Ravelli et al. 1976; Hales Ozanne 2003; Painter et al. 2008; Pembrey 2010). Such developmental programming has been explained by the â€Å"thrifty phenotype†hypothesis, which proposes that poor fetal nutrition can result in reprogramming of the fetus, which allows the offspring to maximize the bodys capacity for energy storage under conditions of poor nutrition once out of the womb. However, this phenotype would be detrimental under conditions where normal or excessive nutrition are present and would thus promote obesity (Hales Ozanne 2003). Body weight, food intake and metabolism are regulated by the hypothalamus that processes central and peripheral signals. Within the hypothalamus, neurons residing in the ARC (arcuate nucleus) – PVN (paraventricular) –PF/LH (perifornical/lateral hypothalamus) axis communicate with each other and are subjected to the influence of several peripheral factors, including leptin and insulin (Davis et al. 2010). The action of these hormones on food intake occurs in part by convergence on a specific set of neurons within the ARC (Elmquist et al. 1998, Abizaid Horvath 2008) that contains neuronal populations expressing orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and the anorectic pro- opiomelanocortin (POMC). NPY synthesis and secretion have been found
Friday, December 13, 2019
Medical Malpractice Free Essays
How do we quantify pain and suffering? This question should be answered satisfactorily before people could even attempt to debate whether or not to impose limits on recovery in medical malpractice cases. Undoubtedly, it is difficult to talk about limits on damage awards without a standardized costing system which would guide the proper authorities to come up with a fair determination of the damages done to victims of medical malpractice. Since there is no such system, the task of ascertaining the extent of damage inflicted on victims is usually left to the country’s judicial system which decides the issue on a case-to-case basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Malpractice or any similar topic only for you Order Now This being the case, setting a maximum limit or a cap on the amount that could be awarded to victims would be very difficult to justify because such an act would be highly discriminatory. For instance, a cap of $200,000 would mean that claimants could not be awarded with more than said amount. The unfairness of this system would be immediately evident in a situation where two individuals suffer the loss of their upper limbs, the first victim losing one and the second suffering from the loss of both limbs. The court could award $140,000 to the first victim who loses one limb, for example, but the claim of the second victim would be limited to $200,000 despite losing both limbs. What it would amount to is that the other limb lost by the second victim would only be compensated with $60,000. In this example, the second victim is not compensated fairly for his/her loss. Setting a cap therefore discriminates against the victim who suffers more. (Hiatt, 2002) Another question worth asking is: Who stands to gain if we do limit recovery? If the first question tends to be highly contentious, this second question involves a cut-and-dried issue because the answer is rather obvious. Putting a cap on awards granted in connection with medical malpractice cases favors only the medical practitioners who commit the act to the utter detriment of the victims. In other words, setting such a cap would treat the victims unfairly and favor the perpetrators. This, too, is discrimination. Some quarters attempt to justify this act by saying that providing for a maximum limit to recovery is a way of stemming the spiraling cost of health care in the country. Opponents, however, argue that this is not only deceptive but unconstitutional as well. (Hiatt, 2002) Critics of a cap on damage awards argue that it violates the Fourteenth Amendment which provides â€Å"equal protection†to all Americans. As illustrated earlier, a cap denies â€Å"equal protection†to those victims who suffer more, because they could not claim compensation beyond what the statutory cap allows. This was cited in Jones v. State Board of Medicine where the court declared unconstitutional the 1975 Hospital-Medical Liability Act passed by Idaho because it failed to treat victims of malpractice equally. In other words under the Act, the claimants whose injuries were deemed below the cap received full compensation while those whose damages exceeded the limit were denied the opportunity to recover fully because they were not awarded full compensation. (Hiatt, 2002) Another objection voiced against putting a cap on damage awards is the fact that it violates the individual’s â€Å"right to trial by jury.†Under the law, evaluating the extent of damages is a function of a jury. In the presence of a cap, the role of the jury is limited only up to the extent of the cap – in effect, interfering with the constitutional duty of a jury. In Boyd v. Bulala, the opinion of the federal district court was that the cap of $750,000 on damage awards set by the state of Virginia â€Å"violated the right to trial by jury provided for by both federal and state constitutions.†(Hiatt, 2002) It is clear from the foregoing discussion that limiting the recovery in medical malpractice cases is very prejudicial to the interests of the victims. In the interest of fairness, every malpractice case should be deliberated on by a jury based on its own merits and the extent of damage award be assessed without the constraints of a cap. This will give every victim of medical malpractice cases the much-needed opportunity for a full recovery. Reference Hiatt, M.D. (2002). Caps on Damage Awards in Medical Malpractice Cases: Constitutional Challenges. Retrieved October 28, 2007 from http://jpands.org/hacienda/hiatt1.html   How to cite Medical Malpractice, Essay examples
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)